Navigating the oncology journey
In 2023, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cancer remained the second leading cause of death for Americans. The American Cancer Society (ACS), in 2025, identified the three leading types of adult malignancy in men as prostate, lung and bronchus, and colorectal. For women, the three most common causes of malignancy are breast, lung and bronchus, and colorectal.
The CDC, ACS, U.S. Preventive Services Taskforce, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network all promote earlier routine screenings to prevent advanced malignancies. Earlier findings of a malignancy prevent aggressive therapies, improve prognosis, and promote improved quality of life. (See Routine screening recommendations.)
Routine screening recommendations
Sources: U.S. Preventative Safety Task Force, National Comprehensive Cancer Network
Cancer development occurs through oncogenes—a result of abnormal cell growth generated by cancer-causing agents (carcinogens). Carcinogens directly effect normal cell structure and function by altering the cell’s DNA. Activated DNA changes occur in a normal cell through apoptosis, which generates a cancer cell. Tumor growth occurs via uncontrolled cellular proliferation and tumor progression, which allow cancer cells to invade and spread into other tissues (metastasis).
Cancer therapies are as diverse as the different types of malignancies and carry many side effects. A nurse who collaborates with the patient, family, and specialty pharmacist can help reduce side effects, prevent drug-drug interactions, support patients regarding therapy-related financial concerns, and address specific issues, such as fertility and patient self-image. (See Types of cancer therapy.)
Types of cancer therapy
Groups of medications that destroy or stop the growth of chemotherapy cancer cells
- Alkylating agents
- Antibiotic agents
- Antimetabolites
- Plant Alkaloids
Uses the body’s own immune system or substances produced by living organisms
- Cytokines
- Gene therapy
- Hormone therapy
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Oncolytic Viruses
High-energy radiation damages and destroys cancer cells. Frequently used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy
- External beam radiation therapy
- Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy
Surgery plays a crucial role in cancer treatment and aids diagnosis and staging. Used to remove tumors, relieve symptoms, and prevent cancer. The type of surgery depends on the specific cancer and stage
- Early-stage cancer: Primary treatment for localized cancers.
- Advanced cancer: Palliative treatment used to relieve symptoms, reduce tumor size, or improve the effectiveness of other treatments.
- Preventive: Removal of precancerous tissue or to reduce the risk of developing certain cancers.
Source: National Cancer Institute
Person-centered care planning ensures well-informed patients, adherence to therapy, and patient self-management confidence. Nurses play a key role in person-centered care by collaborating with the patient, family, and pharmacist through shared decision making, which helps to empower the patient and family so they remain in control throughout the cancer journey.
